Sculptural works or reproductions made by casting.

Any new plastic form produced by an author that is differentiated from its similar ones by a distinct, recognisable composition, which gives to the form a character of originality.

Works that strongly resemble or reproduce the appearance or content of original existing objects.

Faithful reproduction or imitation of a sculptural work through the techniques and processes of sculpture.

The discipline involving treatment, preventive care, and research directed toward the long-term safekeeping of cultural and natural heritage. For actions taken to halt changes or deterioration in objects, sites, or structures, for changes made to an object or structure so that it will closely approximate its original or other past state.

The art of fashioning or ornamenting objects of wood by cutting with a sharp implement.

To cut a hard material into a certain shape using various tools. Hard materials that can be cut have physical properties that do not vary before and after processing: they are stable solids, such as stone, wood, ivory, bone, horn and similar.

A scarce digital asset defined by a blockchain protocol and exchanged via that blockchain system.

A document certifying the authenticity of an artwork, signed, and issued by the artist. In the case of editions of sculpture there will be a separate document for each piece, and this will include details of the total number of casts in the edition and the edition number of the cast in question. 

A type of online storage that lets you securely keep track of your digital assets and information, like digital certificates and digital identity information.

Distribution of a work should be understood by making available the original or copies of the work to the public though sale, rental, loan or in any other form. 

Disclosure of a work should be understood as any act by which a plurality of persons may have access to the work without prior distribution of copies to each of them. 
Disclosure shall not be considered public when it takes place within a strictly domestic setting that is not integrated or connected to a dissemination network of any kind. 

Groups of multiples of one work issued together, cast sculpture. All copies produced from substantially the same master, and issued at one time are part of the same edition.

To deform a sheet of metal and make it rise in relief by working it with a hammer, or with a hammer and a chisel, using different processes.

The process of applying a vitreous coating to metal, ceramic, glass, or other surfaces by fusion using heat in a kiln or furnace, with the result of creating a smooth, hard surface.

In sculpture, a contract by which the author of a sculptural model or the rightsholder(s) assign the right to produce, under specific conditions, several casts of this model, on condition that the editor ensures their distribution and sale.

Buildings or other facilities where in which the founding of metal or glass is carried on, meaning these materials are cast or poured into moulds.

Workshop where the fusion of metals and alloys takes place and where all the operations necessary for the execution of sculpted works in molten metal are carried out.

Workers in an ironworks or steel mill, especially those engaged in the casting of metal.

A person who works in a metal foundry or steel mill.

Marks stamped on valuable or unique objects such as jewelry, silverware, furniture, and timepieces, for the purpose of identifying the craftsman or workshop of origin.

Sign used or serving to distinguish the sculptural works produced by a workshop [foundry]

Fair use is a legal doctrine that promotes freedom of expression by permitting the unlicensed use of copyright-protected works in certain circumstances. Section 107 of the Copyright Act provides the statutory framework for determining whether something is a fair use and identifies certain types of uses—such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research—as examples of activities that may qualify as fair use.

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A term applied to works forming part of an edition that have been set aside by the artist or reserved for some other commitment, and in principle are not offered for sale through commercial channels.

Sculptural relief technique in which half or more than half of the natural circumference of the modelled form projects from the surrounding surface.

Relief in which the projection of the forms, which may or may not adhere to a flat, convex, or concave base, represents more than half the real volume of a body or an object without exceeding three quarters of its volume.

Plastic moulding process whereby hot thermoplastic material is forced from a heating chamber through a small channel or sprue into a cooled mould under enough pressure and at a high enough speed to fill the mould while the charge is still soft.

Intellectual property is made up of personal and patrimonial rights, which grant the author with the full disposition and the exclusive right to exploit the work, with no limitations other than those estab-lished by law.

Works dating from the 1960s or later that use their exhibition space as part of their design.

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Editions of multiples limited to a specifically stated number of copies [casts], which are usually numbered consecutively and sometimes signed by the artist.

A method of casting metal or glass in a mould, the cavity of which, or the positive of the form to be made, is formed with wax, which is then melted or burned off, and displaced by molten metal or glass.

A casting process that takes its name from a particular operation in which the wax of which the model is made or a proof reproducing this model (original wax model or serial wax proof, depending on the case) enclosed in a single-piece refractory pot mould is destroyed by heating to 100^oC, thus allowing a liquid metal or alloy to take its place.

A sculptural process that transforms a clay work into a plaster proof. The process begins by spraying a thin layer of coloured plaster onto the clay work to match all the details. A thick layer of white plaster follows this. After drying, the mould is opened in two parts. This operation removes the clay from the mould. All that remains of the work is its negative ‘hollow’ trace. The inside of the mould is cleaned, dried and coated with a release agent. It receives a first coat of plaster. Casting continues in the closed and consolidated mould. The mould is broken after the necessary setting time until the coloured plaster appears, raising the alarm. The operation is delicately completed until the plaster model is completely free.  

Marks stamped on valuable or unique objects such as jewelry, silverware, furniture, and timepieces, for the purpose of identifying the craftsman or workshop of origin. Distinguished from ‘hallmarks’ which are official stamps affixed by guilds or assay offices as evidence of the quality of the metal.

A hollow single piece or set of articulated pieces obtained from the model of the work made by the artist. The interior of the mould faithfully reproduces the form and details of the final work. The mould is filled with a liquid or other material, which, once solidified, results in the final work.

A highly finished modelling, most often at full size, intended to be reproduced in or translated into another technique (moulding, cutting, casting). The final model is most often called the original model.

Information indicator for any combination of a variety of materials plus the associated techniques, used in the making of a single work of art. 

Generally, use of malleable material such as wax or clay to create a form which is three-dimensional. Specifically, in ceramic art, the shaping of an original ceramic object or the model or maquette from which a mould is made.

The placing of numerals on something [sculptural work], usually a series of like things given consecutive numbers.

A node is a computer running specific software which allows that computer to process and communicate pieces of information to other nodes. In blockchains, each node stores a copy of the ledger and information is relayed from peer node to peer node until transmitted to all nodes in the network.

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A surface layer intentionally produced by an artist or a specialised professional on a metallic artwork to mimic a natural patina with aesthetic or practical purposes.

A transformation of the surface of a work occurring over time or under the effect of contact, repeated friction, or certain surface treatments. Artificial patinas are alterations of the specific colour of the metal or alloy, obtained using a variety of acids.

A work (sculpture) made ​​after the artist’s death from an original model made ​​by the artist in person.

A sculptural technique that makes it possible to obtain multiples works. The piece mould casting is made up of removable parts manufactured one by one on the proof previously obtained by lost hollow moulding or on any other model from which you want to get multiples. Perfectly adjusted, the parts are held together by a thick layer of plaster during casting. Demoulding involves carefully dismantling the various pieces. In this long and meticulous operation, the model and mould are preserved and can be reused. Slightly raised lines form on the plaster proof’s surface, where the mould’s parts meet.

A person or entity that produces an edition of an artwork in conjunction with the artist, taking charge of the production process and the subsequent distribution.

A person to whom the author of a sculptural model or the rightsholder(s) assign the right to produce, under specific conditions, several casts of this model.

A fee or a payment established to compensate creators of copyrighted works for private copies made by individuals for their personal use. These private copies are reproductions of works, such as books, music, videos, or other copyrighted content, that are made for personal use and not for commercial purposes.

The status of publications, products, and processes that are not protected under patent or copyright.

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The process of making changes to an object or structure so that it will closely approximate its original state or other state at a specific time in its history. 

Rights that allow creators to control who may copy, distribute, or recreate their works. It is the essential starting point for safeguarding intellectual property, ensuring that only the author or those with his or her authorization may make reproductions, either temporarily or permanently, by various means and in various forms, for the purpose of communicating or obtaining copies of the work.

Use to describe a surface that has been carved, moulded, or stamped so that an image or design projects from or is sunk into a continuous surface.

The right of an author of a work of art to receive from the seller a share of the price of any resale of the work after the first transfer made by the author.

The right to be identified as the author of a work; right to claim authorship for anonymous/pseudonymous works, notwithstanding any prior withdrawal.

The transformation of the work includes its translation, adaptation, and any other modification in its form from which a different work is derived.
The intellectual property rights of the work resulting from the transformation will correspond to the author of the latter, without prejudice to the rights of the author of the pre-existing work.

A person who has a right derived from another person

Sculpture has traditionally been identified in the Western world as a visual art comprising material objects made in three dimensions, by means of techniques such as carving, modelling, moulding, or casting in multiple stages, often producing unique works or different units from the same moulds. Since the early 20th century, and mainly during the second half, this description has expanded to include a wide range of materials and techniques, as well as more conceptual genres such as readymade objects, assemblages, installations, land and earth art, food and vegetal art, conceptual art, inter alia. The boundaries between these types of art are now blurred. At any event, a sculptural work can be identified today with a three-dimensional creation for which volume and space are key to achieving its perception, and in the creation of which a variety of materials and techniques may have been used. 

The process of casting metal sculpture, especially hollow bronzes, in a mould made of foundry sand.

A casting process that consists in pouring a liquid metal or alloy into a sand mould, reproducing a model which is most often spared.

Criteria, rules, procedures, or devices approved by official authority or general consent, that serve as examples to be followed or as measures for evaluation or comparative judgment.

Refers to the process or branch of fine art concerned with creating sculpture, which are three-dimensional works.

To execute using various techniques (modelling, moulding, carving, casting, repoussé, collage, and assemblage, etc.) shapes in the round or in relief.

Sculpture in which forms are carved or modelled about their full circumference, as opposed to having forms projecting from or sunk into a continuous surface.

Surmoulages are made from over-mouldings taken from an edition cast, a stamping cast, or a cast from nature. A controlled edition of this type of casts will comprise fewer faithful reproductions of the original model than edition casts, and occurs when the original cast has disappeared, or the initial hollow-well mould has become worn or been destroyed.

Giving form to something by use of a mould; usually refers to pressing a material into the mould, as distinct from pouring liquid material into the mould, for which prefer ‘casting.

Refers to creation of moulds for casting purposes. For the process of making a positive from material pressed into the mould use ‘moulding’ or ‘casting’ for objects cast from liquid.

To make a mould, reusable or not, reproducing the shapes of a sculpture for the purpose of receiving material in a liquid or pasty state.

Having the two dimensions of length and width, but not height.

Having, or appearing to have, the three dimensions of length, width, and height. 

The automated action or practice of creating three-dimensional objects from a digital file or other original, used for rapid prototyping, model making, additive manufacturing, etc. 

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Moulds for casting that can be used only once because they are destroyed as they are removed.

Refers to the process of joining two pieces of metal by softening or melting both surfaces to be joined by the application of heat, with or without inserting filler metal and with or without the application of pressure. 

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